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Report writing format

Report Writing Format

Here are the main sections of the standard report writing format:

1. Title Section – This includes the name of the author(s) and the date of report preparation. 
2. Summary – There needs to be a summary of the major points, conclusions, and recommendations. It needs to be short as it is a general overview of the report. Some people will read the summary and only skim the report, so make sure you include all the relevant information. It would be best to write this last so you will include everything, even the points that might be added at the last minute.
3. Introduction – The first page of the report needs to have an introduction.  You will explain the problem and show the reader why the report is being made. You need to give a definition of terms if you did not include these in the title section, and explain how the details of the report are arranged.  
4. Body – This is the main section of the report.  There needs to be several sections, with each having a subtitle.  Information is usually arranged in order of importance with the most important information coming first. 
5. Conclusion – This is where everything comes together. Keep this section free of jargon as most people will read the Summary and Conclusion.       
6. Recommendations – This is what needs to be done. In plain English, explain your recommendations, putting them in order of priority.
7. Appendices – This includes information that the experts in the field will read. It has all the technical details that support your conclusions.

Remember that the information needs to be organized logically with the most important information coming first. 

Security Issues in E-Services ( Literature Review)

Literature Review

The E services have no doubt been growing quite immensely but it has also been accompanied with problems throughout its evolution. Any problem in any aspect of the E services maybe it be authentication, security or any other malfunction will cause a problem for the customer (Beatty, Holloway, 2003). Parasuraman et al (2005) developed a scale named E S Qual scale. This scale had everything that covered the E services. The scale was divided into 4 dimensions and 22 statements. The four dimensions were system availability, privacy, efficiency, and fulfillment. Culnan and Armstrong (1999) in their research points out two possible privacy issues that customers would think over when they are availing E services. The first privacy issue would be the unauthorized access to the systems private data due security loopholes. The second is the re use of the users private data for other purposes without taking their consent.

            Cranor and Reagle (1998) in their research have suggested that to solve the privacy issue of E services, both law and technology has to be combined. Security problems will keep occurring despite the fact that more and more solutions has been designed to eliminate them as Graves and Curtins (2000) have discussed in their study which suggested that some E banking systems stores the password of users in Cookies which can easily be cracked and took over by hostile websites. Schneier (2001) also argues that each and every system has security loop holes and even updating the systems constantly and following all security protocols might still result in security breaches. Fernandez (2001) in his study discovered the users of the E services are mostly concerned with three major issues system security loopholes, privacy, and scam companies running businesses online.

            Housley et al (2002) in his study suggested the use of Public key infrastructure for the purpose of security. It includes two keys named as public key and private key, the former is used for the sole purpose of encrypting the data and is available to the world whereas the latter is used for decrypting the data. Winner (2002) suggests that all the E services system should be operated using a firewall and all unnecessary services like email ftp etc should be removed from the website of the company. Roberts (2002) and Neyses (2002) have found in their research that most of the security issues surrounding E services are not from the merchant of the security loop holes in the system rather it is mostly due to the user using the computer and browser to authenticate them. Hackers can gain access to the user’s pc and gain access to confidential data like passwords and credit card numbers etc. Dawson and Festa (1998) suggested the use of HTTP cookies as mean to identify the user passwords but cookies where provides a good base for security but not yet as good as compared to the public key infrastructure. Bishop (2003) concludes that organizations must have a proper process of allocation of duties and responsibilities for the purpose of security. He thinks that organizations must devise policies and rules for the security of the data so as to prevent the leakage of private information regarding the users as well saving the data from getting corrupted.

            Neuman and Medvinsky (1996) observed that most of the payments for the E services are SSL protected. Davies (1997) argues that most users or customers consider privacy as a legal right and they won’t indulge in using or availing E services until and unless they are fully satisfied that their data will be kept private. There has been a great amount of work done on the topic E Services security issues and privacy issues with the development of the concept and its extensive use. Different cultures has different attitude towards the privacy of data. Research by D’Arcy et al (2009) shows that there are two types of threats to privacy of user data in E services which are internal and external threats and 50 to 75 percent of the privacy security issues takes place due to the internal threats. Most of the E services providers use SSL based secure systems with a server authentication to authenticate users to their accounts Freier et al (1996). Jiang (2001) developed a coprocessor IBM2000 in which the users can install any third party applications. When the users login to their account their SSL session goes into this co processor thus identifying them as the holders of the account and maintaining the security of their private data. Cheung and Lee (2006) in their research concluded that most of the customers would not avail E services just because of the privacy concerns. Cassidy and Chae (2006) in their research found out that most if customers are hesitant to avail E services because they think their email address and personal information could be used without their consent for marketing or some other illegal purposes. They also fear that their credit card numbers might be stolen in case of Scam companies.

            According to Jensen et al (2005) most users of E services tend to trust their provider if they have an online privacy policy on their website. Bellman et al (2004) believes that the government rules and regulations regarding online privacy play a major role in consumers availing E service. Clarke (2001) in his paper concluded that Privacy enhancing technologies also knows as PET’s have reduced the privacy issues in E services and has enhanced the trust of the customers. Harris Poll (2000) performed a survey whose result suggested that almost 40 percent of the E services customers were anxious about how their personal data would be used whereas 57 percent of the users demanded for a proper law to collect and use private data. In another survey conducted by Light (2001) 92 percent of the total respondents answered that company never keeps their data private even though they promise to. Adams et al (1997) in his research observed that most of the privacy risk and issues takes place because of the weak passwords that users provide which are prone to cyber attacks. Roberts (2002) is also of the view that almost all of the privacy issues emerge due to the users rather than E services providers. The user’s computers are more prone to cyber attack because of the minimal security making it possible for the attackers to hack the personal data and other private information creating privacy risks. He suggests that the users keep their PCs up to date with latest anti viruses and firewalls and use encryption software so that their data is safe from cyber attackers and hackers.

Uniqueness and deception are ever increasing as the attractiveness of online shopping produces anxiety. The theory of security of ten traded next to expediency gives well-built purchaser verification practice. It gives better defense and therefore advantage customer’s verification. It examines how stages of verification, safety and economic danger factors has an effect on insight and assessment of verification scheme in two circumstances (Egelman, S., Tsai, J., Cranor, L.F., Acquisti & A., 2009).

Safety or Security is one of the most important issue which affects users choice to supermarket online. Nevertheless a lot of internet client steer clear of online shopping because of the card deception, solitude factors, non release risk, post pay for repair and so on. But contract safety on the online shopping has conventional concentration. If there is safety in regard to online card usage, it will increase the online shopping traffic even more. In nineteen ninety five UK introduced scheme without any charges for electronic shopping and presently in Europe and Singapore began conducting electronic businesses. (Bhatnagar&Ghose,2004).

Verification problems can give rise to a lot of problems including customer dissatisfaction. A number of confirmation events are fairly simple and as a result have needs of smallest efforts on the consumers’ conclusion, whereas further actions grip severe practices, which may result in more problems. The problem, however, is that such high stage of security measures may not forever be valued by clients because the latent advantage to be increased from advanced height of security can be outshined by the shortage of expediency. Investigation has shown that a user will do complete research about verification problems before deciding to use online services (Weir et al, 2009).

There are some circumstances which may prove helpful or unhelpful for the customer, additional difficult verification events leaning in the direction of high-level refuge and protection? Investigating behavior on growth of work of fiction verification events has been enlightening (DeAngeli et al., 2005; Kuber& Yu, 2010).

In another study conducted by Liebermann and Stashevsky (2002) research has recognized aspects that outline the security usefulness and trade-offs in online purchaser confirmation. It advises to observe causes related with monetary risk, which engages in recreation of input role in consumer’s choice in the background of online shopping.

In other study that target spot roots by security-convenience in online shopping are able to be even further selective after it approaches to buyer substantiation. To decrease fatalities for clientele and for themselves, a lot of online sellers use events for validation of client uniqueness. These events are planned to prove that creation acquiring is an endorsed consumer of the imbursement technique (Cline, 2004).

According to Forsythe and Shi (2003) Ko et al., (2004) Pavlou (2003) monetary hazard, separate one’s biased thought about suffering a monetary loss at the same time as well as the urge of using online services. It is measured as one of the key rudiments of professed risk in electronic import. The moment actions expected for greater safety measures levels of anti-fraud safety, which will possibly be valuable to customers.

This study examined that supposed economic risk is unenthusiastically linked with consumers’ purpose to fit into a place in online shopping and this propensity has been found in the middle of both beginner and knowledgeable customers and the time it comes to be perceived financial danger that can potentially result in financial victims (Keating et al., 2009).

Rabkin (2008) suggested to approach into the security-convenience concerning customer events in online shopping. To be precise, checking probable self-control by factors related with monetary risk, considering whether and how special possessions of safety levels instantiated by verification skills on consumers’ estimate of the system would depend upon professed economic risk. It also examines two diverse types of verification events: confront inquiries and card confirmation systems.

This study examined to see how these answers will interpret to older regulars mostly those who are less knowledgeable by or be likely to sense better uneasiness by means of online shopping when compared with the younger generations (Morris et al., 2007).

Keith, Shao, Steinbart and J(2007)analyzed that the security of E shopping could affect the purchasers fulfillment. In addition, it focused one pay for online shopping display place, it also considers the role of repute coordination in manuscript, calculated, and sinking fraud that search out more buyers’ self-belief then getting better in the dealings readiness which points towards the retailers audit device of the online shopping display place which is a significant device to promote customers trust, and then get better. Though when the barrier to entry constructs too far above the ground it might generate unpleasant consequences of imperfect draw for purchaser.

A research suggested that sample of security-convenience operate, brilliant customer observation and admiration of verification equipment may contrast depending on the individuality of economic threat reasons occupy in the online business procedure (Biswas, 2004).

According to Hofacker (2001) available experience www.acnielsen.com, which one of the human race inhabitants is shopping online , cultivate October 2005, six hundred twenty seven million citizens encompasses online shopping. According to a similar report British and Germans are on the peak of the registration in Online Shopping.

This study observed that maintaining faith in the E shopping with advanced skill and recurrent online shopping to the internet life form enables as a dependable shopping conduit.

It was about individual presentation of person’s optimistic or unenthusiastic evaluation. It is left over to be seen how these results determines translation to research customers predominantly persons who are not as much of skilled or be apt to feel better uneasiness with online shopping when contrasted with the immature production (Morrisetal.,2007).

One previous research suggests business reproduction has become an average stand for reorganization production stream and enlargement artifact outreach. This was given much more importance and stress by a number of countries in mounting vigorous E Shopping architectures modified to their economical communal scheme. A striking in this point of view case study was the empire of Saudi Arabia, particularly known for its importance on restricted, local and religious civilization. At the second, with a brilliant intensification pace in Internet connectivity, the Kingdom is vigorously touching towards major acceptance of E Business scheme. (Tain, 1999).

            Roselius (1971) observed that E Shopping obstruction characterized India, Armenia, Kenya and Argentina. These counties have built incomplete Internet conveniences, a lack of struggle in intercontinental phone booth transfer that through admittance to the global arrangement is costly, a lack of intra district communications, and an uneven diffusion of the handset in the city as opposite to pastoral, more inhabited areas.

Another study in the context of South Korea recognized a major hurdle in acceptance of online shopping and it was the disbelief and loss of faith of customers in online traders. There was a great fear that merchants would not deliver a product after receiving the online payment. In central and eastern Europe, online stores may have some purpose and communications in delivering the best quality product on time after receiving the online payment as they promise (Warner, 2007).

Jun, Yang and Kim(2004) conducted a study which examined effect on customers discernment of online transaction and examined eminence and their fulfillment. The detailed objectives of this research were to classify key basic dimensions of online retailing service eminence as seeming by online regulars; evaluate the contact linking the examination worth proportions famous in advance and the online clientele‘ perception of in general service quality. Examining the relationships between the service quality dimensions and the online clientele’s overall pleasure; and calculating the connection between online clientele professed taken as a whole and examine dominance and their stage of approval.

Keating, W., Quazi, and Kriz(2009) evaluated the approach of online customer livelihood in Bangkok and London and concluded that variables influences their performance and investigating found that website design, website reliability/fulfillment, website customer service and website safety/solitude were the four main issues which powers customer insight of online shopping. These buyers had dissimilar evaluation of website intent and website dependability/completion but alike evaluation of website security/solitude issues, which involves the security/retreat issues which are significant to nearly all online purchasers.

Kuberand Yu(2010) analyzed that insight towards online shopping examined in the University of Greek’s Students attitude. The critical purpose of this study was to inspect the perceptions of Greek university scholar’s, adopters and non-adopters of online shopping in conditions profile of demographic, prospect of online provisions, compensation and troubles related to online payment.